EMERALD
It is mainly composed of jade or jadeite and sodium (sodium chromite pyroxene) and soda-lime pyroxene (omendrome), which may contain horn flashes.
Stone, feldspar, chromite, limonite, etc.
In ancient times, jade is a kind of bird living in the south. The color of the coat is very beautiful, usually with blue, green, red, brown and other colors.
Generally, the male of the bird is red, which is called, and the female is green, which is called "cui". The book "Tengyue Country Local Records" written by Inch Kaitai records: "Teng is the best number, the jade is full of thousands, made into utensils, and sold to all provinces. Shangpinliangyu, sent to Yuedong, Shanghai, Ningbo, Zhejiang, Kyoto By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, there were more than 100 jade workshops in the city of Tengchong, and more than 3,000 jade carving craftsmen. The wares were sold out in various provinces, and they were sent to Guangdong, Shanghai, Fujian, Zhejiang and Kyoto. "Inch Kaitai "Tengyue Country Local Records" produced the emerald Burma arch and the Myitkyina area, only 150 kilometers away from the Yunnan border.
During the Wanli Period of the Ming Dynasty, this place was once under the jurisdiction of Yongchang House (now Baoshan City, Yunnan Province). Due to historical reasons, the jadeite known as the "Oriental Treasure" has been imported into China by the border towns of Yunnan Tengchong and Ruili, and has a history of four to five hundred years.
Cause of formation
Jadeite is a dense block-like aggregate formed by the interlacing of numerous fine fibrous mineral crystallites mainly composed of jadeite. There are four main points of view for the formation of jadeite in nature:
The first view is considered to be the desiliconization product of the residual granite slurry that the magma invaded into the ultrabasic rock under high pressure conditions.
The second view is that the primary albite is decomposed into jadeite during the regional metamorphism; or it is considered that under the action of the torsional stress and the low temperature caused by the plate collision, the albite first forms a blue flash with a lower degree of metamorphism. The stone schist is further transformed into jadeite.
The third viewpoint is that the granite veins and the pale-colored gabbro-type veins are replaced by a hot aqueous solution with a high chemical potential of sodium at a pressure of 12 to 14 kPa.
The fourth viewpoint is based on the discovery of three-phase inclusions of water-methane to jadeite in jadeite. It is believed that jadeite is formed by the melting of near-hard jade silicate. It is believed that this kind of melt originates from the mantle of 300-400km. Contains an alkali.
The characteristics of the jadeite are as follows:
1. Chemical composition: sodium silicate aluminum-NaAI [Si2O6], often containing trace elements such as Ca, Cr, Ni, Mn, Mg, Fe.
2. Mineral composition: mainly jadeite, followed by omphacite, sodium chromite, neon, hornblende, albite and so on.
3. Crystallization characteristics: monoclinic system, often columnar, fibrous, felt-like compact aggregate, raw material is blocky secondary material is gravel.
4. Hardness: 6.5-7.5.
5. Cleavage: The fine-grained aggregate has no cleavage; the coarse granules can be seen in the cross section with the shiny "Fly Fin".
6. Gloss: grease gloss to glass luster, high-grade products are glass luster.
7. Transparency: translucent to opaque.
8. Relative density: 3.30 - 3.36, generally 3.33 grams per cubic centimeter.
9. Refractive index: 1.65 - 1.67 (point measurement method), there is a fuzzy shadow boundary near 1.66 on the refractometer.
10. Color: The color is colorful, and the green is the top grade. According to the color, it can be divided into three types;
10.1 Skin color; refers to the color of the outermost skin of jade, and its formation is related to the post-weathering effect. These colors are various shades of red, yellow, and gray, and are characterized by a nearly concentric shape near the outer skin of the material. Red is often called;
10.2 Ground color: also known as "base" color, with the meaning of background, refers to other colors than green, different shades of white, oil, enamel, gray, etc.;
10.3 Green color; Refers to the true color of jade, which is characterized by various shades of green. Sometimes green contains black. Green is often called Cui.
11. Luminescence: Light-colored jade emits dim white fluorescence in long-wave ultraviolet light, and no response under short-wave ultraviolet light.
Origin of the name.
There are several kinds of sayings about the name of the jadeite. One is from the bird name. The bird feather is very bright, the male feather is red, the name is the ostrich (also known as the red feather bird), the female feather is green, and the kingfisher (also known as the green feather) Birds, collectively known as jade, therefore, there are rumors in the industry, and Cui is the mother. When the Ming Dynasty was introduced to China in the Ming Dynasty, it was named "Jade". Another said that the ancient "Cui" specifically refers to the green jade produced in Hetian, Xinjiang. After the jade was introduced to China, it was called "Nu Cui" in order to distinguish it from Hetian Green Jade, and later evolved into "Jade."
The name of the jadeite has been in existence for a long time. The Northern Song Dynasty Ouyang Xiu's "Return to the Field" volume II: "Yu (Ouyang Xiu) has a jade-like family, which is very ancient and exquisite. The original Meisheng Yu, thought Jasper. In Chenzhou, taste Show the genus. Sitting on the terracotta warriors and horses under the jurisdiction of Deng Baoji, Zhenzong dynasty, the old vassal, also know, 曰: This treasure is also known as the jade.
The banned treasures are hidden in the holy library, there is a jade in the library Therefore, it is also known." It can be seen that "Jade" refers to green jade for a long time, and at the latest in the Northern Song Dynasty, it has been regarded as a treasure. Perhaps the ancient "Jade" and the "Jade" of the same name have the same name, so Ji Xiaolan said that when he was young, the time "do not look at it."
Emerald belongs to the pyroxene type, monoclinic system, and two groups are completely cleavage. The main composition is sodium aluminum silicate NaAl9 (Si2O6), which contains more than 50% sodium aluminum silicate in gemstone ore, which is regarded as jadeite, and is produced in metamorphic rock formation formed under low temperature and high pressure. Often associated with blue amphibole, muscovite, hard pillar (dihydrate feldspar), vermiculite and quartz. The Mohs hardness is between 6.5 and 7, the specific gravity is between 3.25 and 3.35, and the melting point is between 900 and 1000 °C.
The early jadeite was not expensive, and its value was not high. It was not valued by the world. Ji Xiaolan (1724--1805) wrote in the "Notes on Reading the Weed Cottage": "The weight of the cover is different from the fashion of the time. Also, when you remember the rest, ginseng, coral, lapis lazuli, the price is not expensive, today is the day .... Yunnan jade jade, not at that time, but as the blue field dry yellow, strong name to Yu ear, Today is a treasure, and the price is far from the real jade." According to "Shiya", the emerald stone weighing about 45 kilograms at the beginning of this century was worth eleven pounds. There is no shortage of essence in the jade stone, and the price is very expensive at the time, but compared with the one kilogram of jadeite in the early 21st century, it is almost a small witch. (According to: According to the record of Ouyang Xiu's "Return to the Field", at the latest in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the jadeite was the name of the green treasure jade, which was a ban on the treasure. Ji Xiaoyu said that it may be another jade.)
In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the senior officials of the eunuch were stationed in Baoshan Tengchong to purchase jewelry. At that time, it was known as “Jade Road” and “Baojing Road” from the Yongchang Tengyue to the Myitkyina in Myanmar. Tengchong to Myanmar has the most prosperous business day. More than 20,000 horses walk through it every day. Tengchong's jewelry trade accounts for almost 90% of the world's jade trade.
history and culture
In the long years, our ancestors created many patterns that yearn for a better life and pursue auspicious auspiciousness. These auspicious patterns incorporate the appreciation habits of the working people and reflect people's good and healthy thoughts and feelings. Therefore, they are widely spread in the society and are popular with people. Auspicious patterns are widely used in ancient jade.
"Wearing gold is rich and rich, Dai Yubao is safe", the auspicious patterns carved on the jade are vivid and vivid, and the materials include characters, objects, animals, plants, etc. The performances are praying for good fortune, peace and happiness, many sons and grandchildren, promotion Making money and jade is the treasure of the Chinese, and it is the soul of the heart. Gold and silver are worthy of Yudu. Jade carvings include Jade Buddha, Ruyi, Pingan, Bamboo, Long Life Lock, Fudou, and so on.
The meaning is rich, such as a hundred years of good harmony, dragon and phoenix Chengxiang, Fushou Shuangquan, champion and the first, even rise to the third level, good luck.
Emerald King
Inch Zunfu, the word Rudong, No. Haiting, Yunnan Yongchang House Tengyue Hall and Shunxiang Huangguoshu were born in 1855, died in 1929, at the age of 74. China's modern emerald king, famous revolutionary pioneer, educator. "China's emerald king" refers to the hometown of overseas Chinese and the people of Shun people in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.
This title originated in Shanghai and finally spread to the hometown and smoothly. In the age of the boy, he went to the Burmese sect, and later specialized in jade in Myanmar. The Republic of China "Tengchong County Zhiwen, Mine Man Biography" contains him: "Early years of business in Myanmar, long-term residence, arrogant, specializing in jade, good-looking jade and beautiful, not too cumbersome, after the move, the move will be successful. Passing over the constant stream, knowing people and doing good deeds, don't shake their letters with ruin, don't win the game with ease, so people are happy to drive, and get rich." Zun Zunfu joined the League in Myanmar, Yongchang, Hekou, Guangzhou Huanghuagang In the uprising, he donated huge sums of money." "The estuary of the estuary, Huang Keqiang and the party people sneaked back to the Burmese land, relying on the support, and tens of thousands of gold."
After the Revolution of 1911, he founded the "Changhua School" in Myanmar. The Prime Minister is also the president of the "Chinese Association", the president of the "Yunnan Association", and the member of the "Legislative Conference" of the British Government. When he was 60 years old, Sun Yat-sen wrote the inscription: "Overseas Chinese leader, national glory."
Distribution of origin
Most of the high-quality jadeites in the jewelry market come from the Quaternary and Tertiary conglomerate-level jadeite deposits in the Wulu River (river) basin in northern Myanmar. They are mainly distributed in the Kachin State area of North Myanmar. They are about 240 km long from north to south and 170 km wide from east to west. In 1871, several major deposits were discovered in the foggy area of Burma (also known as Wuyou, Wulong, and Wulu).
Among them, there are four of the most famous deposits, namely, the levy, the Burma, the Pan and the Nanna. The primary ore jadeite is mainly composed of white and discolored jadeite with various green tones and brownish yellow and light purple. In addition to jadeite minerals, there are also minerals such as diopside, hornblende, neon and albite. The level of green jade is rare.
In addition to Myanmar's production of jade, the world's emeralds are also produced in China, Guatemala, Japan, the United States, Kazakhstan, Mexico and Colombia. The jadeites of these countries are characterized by a small number of gemstones, mostly for some engraving-grade craftsmanship. A small amount of jade ore is also produced in Celle County, Hetian District, Xinjiang, China.
More than 95% of the commercial grade jadeite in the market comes from Myanmar, so jade is also known as Burmese jade.
Myanmar is the most productive country in the world, and is known for its high quality jade. Located 350 kilometers north of Mandalay in Myanmar, Pagan is a famous jade mine in Myanmar, where most of the jade is found. Therefore, it also attracted a large number of businessmen to "gold rush". Most of Pagan's companies are Sino-Myanmar joint ventures. The largest operator is the military-backed Myanmar Federal Economic Holdings Limited (UMEHL), which dominates many economic sectors in Myanmar.
The turnover of jade in Myanmar is extremely high, and illegal smuggling activities have occurred from time to time. According to a survey conducted by Harvard University in the United States in 2013, in 2011 alone, the turnover of jade in Myanmar was as high as 8 billion US dollars (about 48 billion yuan).
There are few origins of jade, only the United States, Japan, Russia, Guatemala, Myanmar, China and other countries, and Myanmar is the country with the highest yield and quality, so jade is also known as "Burma Jade." After the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Burmese jade from Myanmar tribute began to be popular in the palace. Most of the daily necessities such as tableware, pots, and boxes used by the emperors, empresses, and harems are jade products, and the most famous person who loves jade is the Empress Dowager Cixi. It is almost crazy about the obsession of jade.
Emerald inch jade
Speaking of the operation of Tengchong Jade, you have to mention the Tengchong of Tengchong. After the ancestor of Inch’s ancestor Yuki made his home, he built a water conservancy to benefit the people of Shun, and the descendants of Inch’s incarnation, inch tree, and inch. Haiting School, Jianzong Temple, and the Library are even more famous. It is still praised by people. In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the inch jade merchants had the Tengchong's inch and honor, and the inch and the longevity. In the 1980s, Yingjiang’s overseas Chinese and jade operators were in a position to wait for (the chairman of the Overseas Chinese Association of the Myanmar Peace Area). One of the most famous in the name of Zunfu: "The Chinese and Foreign Names"
Some of the most valuable jade in the city, such as Duan Jiayu and "Inch Jiayu", there are also Zhao Lianhai, Zhang Baoting, Liu Cai, and many other "Jade Kings" who rely on jade or jade for the rich. Zhang Zhixuan, "The South Park" Contained, "Chenghua Gengzi, the eunuch Wang Jusuo gems are not obtained, smashing his (Meng Mi) rebellion of the crimes of the country, please levy "a sorrow of the unsuccessful knives and soldiers, the "heavy" of the gem" can be seen. "Duan Jiayu" and "Inch Jiayu have never been lost."
Top ten famous pits
A comprehensive introduction to the production of rough origins in Myanmar for reference:
1.The eyes are dry. For the new factory, there is no skin, the water is good, and there is white fog. Mainly produces violet and red peony.
2.Pagan is a historical name pit, the earliest mining. The pagan skin is thin, the skin is mainly grayish white and yellowish white, the crystal is fine, the species is good, the transparency is high, and the color is sufficient.
3. Gray card skin variegated, gray-green and gray-black mainly, the transparency is good or bad, the bottom of the water is unevenly distributed, but the green water is often better.
4.Ma Meng is also called black sand Black black sand with gray, the water is generally poor, and often black or white fog, green and blue.
5. Playing wood chopping is also called knife grinding and chopping. The skin is mostly brownish gray, yellowish red, generally water and bottom are better, but more white fog, yellow fog.
6.The gang skin is thicker, the skin color is grayish yellow or grayish white; the water and the bottom are better, the crack is less, the green or green is covered with green and high-grade varieties, rarely containing impurities, the glass bottom is more common, but the yield less.
7.From the wall, also known as the sub-hospital shell is mainly yellow ash, the bottom of the water is good, cracks are less, but there are white fog, its products are well known for blue water.
8.Longtang is also called Longkeng. It is mainly made of yellow sand or gray fish skin, and the skin is thicker. Most of the water and the bottom are good, the green is very positive, and often the high cui.
9.Massa is a new factory, with no skin or less skin, green lighter, water and bottom are good, mainly used as low-grade Burmese jade bracelet material or large ornaments.
10. Houjiang is also called the Kandi. The old river and the new Houjiang River are produced in the riverbed impact sand. Among them, Lao Houjiang is produced from the bottom of the impact layer.
Common variety
There are more than a dozen varieties of common pits such as jade, ice jade, and jade.
Black ice ink painting
Black ice is grayish black to dark black jade, more than 98% of jadeite, is a single mineral rock, the structure is compact and delicate. Black is formed under the surface of the emerald, often formed by the infiltration of organic carbon.
The black ice stone is mainly produced in the Pagan Mine in Myanmar. The black ice raw materials can also be seen in the auctions in Naypyung and Yangon in Myanmar.
In the industry, because of its dark texture, it seems like an ink landscape painting, and the old experts also call it "ink painting jade"
Mo Cui
At first glance, it is black, and it is easy to make people mistakenly think that it is a jade or other black gemstone in Dushan jade. It is dark and oily under natural light, but it is half in the case of transmitted light. Transparent, and black in the green, especially the flaky ink, the color is gratifying in transmitted light. The Burmese used the "shadow of lovers" to describe the black jadeite, which the Chinese called "Jicui".
Bright red or orange-red jade is easy to see in the market. The color of red peony is formed after the formation of jadeite crystals, which is caused by the infiltration of hematite. It is characterized by bright red or deep red, good red enamel color, glass luster, translucent transparency, red enamel products are often medium or low-end products, but also high-grade red enamel: bright color, delicate texture It is very beautiful and is loved by people. It has a jade with auspicious colors.
Wide film
It is characterized by dark or dark green under natural light, and the texture is thicker and the head is drier.
Yellow palm
The color is from yellow to brown or brownish jade, with a low degree of transparency. This series of color jade products can be found everywhere in the market. Their color is also formed after the formation of jadeite crystals, often distributed on the red layer, caused by limonite dip.
In the market, the value of red peony is higher than that of scutellaria, and scutellaria is higher than brown sassafras, and the price of brown sassafras is second. However, there are also cases in which the price is different from the conventional one due to the popularity of people and the unique characteristics of the accessories.
There are two species of Astragalus membranaceus, yellow to brownish yellow, generally called golden autumn species, like crops in the autumn harvest season, brown to brown, also known as sauce glaze, color like porcelain sauce glaze, also known as old.
Bashan jade
"Bashan jade" original stone is a kind of "brick material" with coarse crystal structure, loose structure, dry water and poor bottom, but its color is richer, with light purple, light green, green or blue gray color, it is a grade. Low, special jadeite containing minerals such as amphibole and albite.
Dry green
Sodium chromite pyroxene (also known as chromite pyroxene) is impossible to form on the earth, only found in meteorites.
The original sodium chromite pyroxene is what Hong Kong experts call dry green jade. It is different from ordinary jade. Its chemical composition is NaCrSi2O6, its hardness is 5, its refractive index is 1.75, its specific gravity is 3.5, its chromium content is higher, so its color is brighter. But its transparency is poor, the particles are thicker, so the experts call it dry green.
Dry green jade color is green and pleasing, the color is pure and innocent, almost the same as the darker general jade, its color is sometimes dark and dark. Regardless of whether the color is deep or shallow, the dry cyanite-based dry cyan hardness is relatively low, so its color lacks strength, which is dull and weak, which is one of the obvious differences from the jade in the general sense.
The shortcomings of dry green jade are poor transparency, weak sunlight, thick texture and dry bottom, and the sound of tapping the rough is dry and rough. The surface of the dried cyan is often seen with a metallic luster inclusion of chromite.
Tielongsheng
Full of green jade pieces. Its mineral deposits have been discovered in the past 90 years and the open mining in 1994 has been nearly exhausted in 2000. The iron dragons in the market are particularly rare.
Tielongsheng is a mid-range jade with bright green color, different shades, poor transparency, loose structure and columnar crystals arranged in a certain direction, which can often be seen in the market. "Tielongsheng" takes the voice of white Burmese, and the Burmese "Tielongsheng" means full of green.
Ice species
The texture is similar to the old pit, colorless or less colored. The ice is characterized by a good gloss on the outer surface, translucent to transparent, clear and ice-like, giving a feeling of ice and clear. If there is a variegated or intermittent vein-like blue color in the ice jade, then the jade is called "blue flower ice", which is a common species in ice jade. Ice jade is often used to make bracelets or pendants. The value of colorless ice jade and "blue flower ice" jade is not significantly different, and its actual price depends mainly on people's preferences.
The so-called ice species refers to the species that is extremely transparent and watery, and has the same effect as the golden water bodhi in colored stones, but the difference is that there is no so-called cotton in the high quality chalcedony, and the texture is more radiant.
Water jade
The water jadeite jade structure is slightly thicker than the old pit glass, and the gloss and transparency are also slightly lower than the old pit glass species and similar or equivalent to the ice seed. It is characterized by the higher transparency and transparency of jadeite. The better the water head is, the more internal structure is. The older the internal structure is, the older it is. The darker the internal structure, the more tender it is.
The water is soft but the luster is soft and the internal structure is fine. A little "corrugation" can be seen, or there are a few cracks and stone patterns, and occasionally there are very few impurities and cotton willows. Some experts say that jade is a light or colorless, poor quality old pit. It is a variety of mid-up and mid-range in the jade.
Huaqing jade
The color is green and veiny, extremely irregular; the texture is thick and thin, translucent. Its background color is light green or other colors. Such as light gray or bean blue, its structure is mainly fiber and fine-grain-medium structure. The characteristics of Huaqing Jade are green uneven. Some are more dense, some are more sparse, and the colors are deep and shallow.
There is also a structure in the Huaqing jade that is only granular, and the water is not enough. Because of its rough structure, the transparency is often poor. The genus is a mid-range or mid-low grade jadeite.
Oil green jade
Referred to as oil green or oil immersion, its transparency and luster look oily. It is a medium and low-grade jade that can be seen everywhere in the market. It is often used to make pendants, bracelets, and rings. The green color of the oil green is obviously impure, contains gray and blue components, so it is dull and not bright enough.
Bean kind jade
Referred to as the bean variety, the bean variety jade is a very common variety in the jade family.
Old pit kind jade
Commonly known in the business world as "old pit glass", usually with glass luster, its texture is fine and pure, the color is pure, bright, rich, and even emerald green; the old jadeite jadeite jade grain is very fine, therefore, with the naked eye It is difficult to see "Cui nature"; the old pit kind of jade is translucent and transparent under the illumination of light, and it is the top or the best in jade.
Violet jade
This is a purple jade with a color like violet flower, and the jewellery world calls violet a spring. The jadeite with "spring color" has various grades of high, medium and low. It is not only a violet, it must be worth the money. It must be the top grade. It must also be comprehensively evaluated with quality indicators such as texture, transparency and craft production level.
The purple color on the jade is generally not deep. The jadeite is divided into purple purple, eggplant purple and blue purple according to the shade of purple. The purple purple usually has fine texture and good transparency. The eggplant purple is second, and the blue purple is again. It.
White jade
The white color of the white is white at the bottom, and the green is bright and white and green on the white background. This variety of jade is easily recognizable: green is spotted on white, with poor transparency, opaque or slightly transparent; jade pieces have fiber and fine-grain mosaic structure, but mainly fine-grained structure; observed under a microscope ( It must be magnified 30 to 40 times), and its surface is often perforated or uneven.
Most of the varieties are mid-range jade, a few green and white, green and beautiful, good color, the bottom is very coordinated, up to the high-end grade.
Ice scorpion.
The hail species generally refers to a jadeite variety with good transparency and good water quality, which can reach the level of ice. In order to distinguish ordinary alfalfa species, this is also called ice seeding.
Referred to as the hibiscus species, the jadeite of this variety is generally pale green, does not contain yellow, green is relatively clear, pure, and sometimes its base is slightly pink.
Horse tooth jade
Although its texture is fine, it is opaque, and the surface is shiny like porcelain.
powder type jade
Its texture is as delicate as glutinous powder, and its color is light pink purple (light spring), which is a good raw material for handicrafts.
Tsui silk jade
This is a kind of jade with good texture and good color. It is a high-grade jade in the market.
Gold silk jade
In the shallow bottom, the yellow, orange-yellow color is strip-shaped, the filaments are arranged in parallel, and the directional structure is obviously developed. The jadeite is the same as the blue silk except for the color and the silk species. But usually the price of gold silk jade is lower than the jadeite jade.
Dry white jade
It is a white or light grayish white jade with coarse texture and poor transparency. The evaluation of the jadeite expert is: rough, dry, and not wet. This variety is colorless or light in color, and the boundary between the grains can be seen by the naked eye. Therefore, the appearance of the structure is rough, and the use and ornamental value are low. It is a low-grade jadeite variety.
Giant jade stone
On February 9, 2014, a miner found a giant jade stone weighing 20 tons in Pagan, west of Kachin State, Myanmar. As of February 19, 2014, the Myanmar police had deployed an emergency deployment to protect the area. The original stone, and prohibit anyone from continuing to search for jade near the spot of discovery.
The original stone found this time is 18 feet (about 5.5 meters). Local miners even think that its weight may reach 37 tons, because half of the rough may still be buried underground. It is reported that experts from the Ministry of Mines of Myanmar will be testing the rough, and it is not clear about its exact value.
Related knowledge
Evaluate jadeite with terms such as “land”, “good water” and “cui good”. “Ground” refers to other colors in jade, and the land is less top grade; “good water” means that the jade texture is delicate and lubricated, transparent, crystal clear and dignified, and bright and pleasant, also known as “smart”, otherwise called “water difference” "Cuide is good" is the word "concentrate, yang, positive, and". "Concent" means thick and not light, such as holly after the rain, "yang" means bright and bright, "positive" means no impurity. The color and the evil color are mixed. The "harmony" refers to the fact that the green is even and not shallow, and vice versa is called "light, yin, evil, and flower."
Emerald land
Glass floor
Completely transparent and shiny. The transparency of jade is different from that of gems. A good glass bracelet looks transparent like crystal and has no impurities.
Water
Transparent as water, glass luster. Similar to glass, there is a small amount of impurities.
Ice land
The ice is second to the glass, and the whole thing is transparent like ice. That is, if there is a mist in the bright, it seems that the clean water is frozen and stagnated.
Egg green
The texture is like egg blue and the glass is shiny. Translucent, but relatively pure, no impurities.
Nasal
The texture is like a green nose and the glass is shiny. Translucent, but relatively pure, a small amount of impurities.
Qingshui
The texture is transparent, but the pan-green is a kind of water-green with green color. It is not as good as water because of color interference.
Gray water
The texture is translucent but grayish. Because of the gray color, the quality is worse than the green water.
Purple water
The texture is translucent, but the pan-purple tone. Unlike violets, which emphasize transparency, they are actually translucent violets.
The texture is translucent, like drowning. Poor water in transparency.
Finely
Translucent, fine white. If the gloss is good, it is also a good jade carving raw material.
White sand
Translucent, sandy, white. Not delicate and fine white.
Grey sand
Translucent, sandy, gray. Not delicate gray white sand.
Bean green
Translucent, bean blue. The texture is like bean curd.
Purple flower
Translucent with uneven purple flowers. Violet for uneven color.
Blue and white
Translucent to opaque, with cyan stone. The texture is uneven and only suitable for jade carving.
White flower
Translucent to opaque, rough and stone.
Porcelain
Translucent to opaque, white.
Dry white
Opaque, white.
Roughly
Opaque, rough, white.
Gray ground
Opaque, rough, gray.
Shitly
Brown, dark brown.
White cotton
White cotton refers to a semi-transparent, slightly transparent white mineral with filamentous, plaque, corrugated or strip-like appearance inside the jadeite. The main component of white minerals is albite, followed by nepheline, analcite, etc. and some gas-liquid inclusions. It is an impurity in jade, which seriously affects the quality and beauty of jadeite. Its existence will greatly affect the price of jade. There is also white cotton between green and green. It may also be jadeite itself, which is caused by uneven green distribution.
Cut
Jade product processing is divided into two categories: light body finished products and carved finished products.
Light body products require high raw materials and can not be cracked, because it is easy to see when there is a crack. Cracked jade, mostly used to make flower pieces, can be used to cover up cracks by engraving.
Therefore, in the evaluation of the finished body and flower parts, in the case of the same quality, the light body products are more expensive than the flower carvings, of course, there are exceptionally exquisite carving jade.
Evaluation
1, ransparency: Translucent is the best, too transparent or opaque.
2, Structure: The finer the particles, the better.
3, clarity: the best innocent.
4, cut: "Jade is not a tool" design, carved shape, polished, fashionable.
Grading
1.Special grade: bright green (emerald green), apple green, glass ground (translucent, fine texture), even and bright, no impurities, no cracks.
2.Commodity grade: green, oil green, micro-transparent, intertwined translucent grandmother green veins and spotted green.
3. General grade: powder ground, bean green, light green, white delicate, slightly transparent. Opaque jade, generally only jade jewelry.
luster
Jade is glassy, translucent or transparent. Jadeite presents a variety of colors due to the presence of different dyed ions: usually white, red, green, and purple. Yellow, powder, etc. Pure and non-impurity is white, if it contains chrome, it will show a soft and bright green, dark green, the name is Cui. This variety is the most expensive and is very popular among people. If it contains manganese, it is lavender and dark purple, often called spring land or glutinous rice. Iron-containing elements are dark red, maroon, and blush, and are known as cockroaches.
Containing chrome and copper, it is light blue and light cyan, known as olive water. In addition to good color, the high-grade jade is extremely important. Generally, the color is fresh and beautiful, the texture is transparent, and the glass gloss is strong. On the contrary, the texture is dry and the less transparent varieties are followed.
structure
Refers to the thickness of the crystal particles that make up the jade, the shape of the crystal and the way it is combined. The jargon is called "bottom" and has a "ground".
Cleaness
Emerald, like other gemstones, is a factor in assessing value. The jadeite is mainly white and black. When evaluating jadeite, the value of jadeite is determined according to the degree of damage caused by jade to the beauty of jadeite. For high-end goods, is a serious shortcoming, and for medium and low-end goods, the impact will be much smaller.
transparency
Jadeite is polycrystalline, mostly translucent and even opaque. It is impossible to be as transparent as a single crystal gemstone such as emerald, so that the light can pass freely and appear crystal clear.
Skills and learning
There have been many discussions on the skills and learning of gambling stones. To sum up, it is nothing more than grasping the following points.
Identification of the site: The Wulong River Basin, a tributary of the pro-Dunjiang River in northern Myanmar, is home to hundreds of new and old mines (pits) within the scope of high-quality jadeite mines. The terrain is hilly and valley flat, with lush forests and abundant rainfall, with annual rainfall of over 3,000 mm. The quality is good, the output is many, and it is very important for the merchants to pay attention to the new field. The deep output of the stone is marked by red wax, black wax and white yellow wax shell. It should be pointed out that there are many jade fields, and each field may be produced.
In addition, there are types of cracks, such as opening and closing, which have a great influence on the valuation and utilization, and are a major defect in jade. People in the industry said that they are not afraid of breaking up and being afraid of small shackles. In the gambling trade, pay attention to the observations of the big cockroaches, such as pinching, cockroaches, cockroaches, etc., and the observation of small cockroaches and guilt is relatively weak, and must be cautious. Experts have pointed out that the color of the cockroach can be used to judge the degree of damage.
The white color is generally broken. If it is red, yellow or black, it is serious. These are the characteristics of open cracks, and those without obvious color belong to micro-opening or splitting. Finished products and goods (opening jade) should be carefully observed for cracks such as enamel cracks, horsetail cracks, etc., especially with green cracks, dislocation cracks have a direct impact on their pricing and sales.
1. False opening: Cut the small mouth and paste the high-grade slab on the low-grade gambling stone with no color and head difference. During the identification, the adhesion marks around the opening (door) should be carefully checked, and the gap shape and temperature difference change.
2. Fake leather shell: the secondary material, waste stone, fake goods are glued to the high-quality jade skin, and then placed in the soil soaked in acid and alkali, so that it becomes similar "leather", covering up the artificial traces . In the identification, the water should be cleaned first, and each point of the skin should be inspected, and no small holes, slits, holes, and contrast colors and particle size changes should be observed.
3. Fake color: use ochre, dyeing to make colorless light color material, into bright emerald green and waxing, painting, deep mud and other methods. When using the color filter, the color of the color turns red, and the distribution of the color of the color is magnified by a magnifying glass. The color is artificially colored in the small crack, and the other parts are light or colorless. Wash and warm up before changing.
4. Fake heart: take a part of the high-end jade excavation, leaving the skin part of Gao Cui and then inject lead and other substances and seal the incision. When the weight is too heavy to measure at the time of identification, it may be a fake heart. For the outer skin, you can use the chain and the knife to determine whether there are soft objects in the suspected area, and look for signs of sticking.
The predecessors of China's jewellery industry have summed up a lot of experience about jade in the long-term practice of jade processing, and expressed these characteristics of jade in the form of simple and concise motto. Remember these maxims, and understand and appreciate the profound connotations that will benefit you for life.
Appreciation
classification
A cargo (Allowing):
Emerald A goods refer to naturally occurring jadeites, which are only physically processed, polished, polished, and polished without any chemical or irradiation methods to improve their internal structure.
The new type A goods (belonging to B goods) means that on the basis of the A-car jade, the color is added to the part of the radix, and it is particularly necessary to pay attention to such jade-colored items, no fluorescence reaction, and does not change the specific gravity. In the less stringent appraisal agency, the “Jade C cargo certificate” will be issued. Such jadeite is often sold in many jewelry stores in the jewelry market, such as the purchase of collectible jade and remember.
C (Coating jadeite) dyeing treatment. For dyeing jade. Regardless of whether the acid is bleached or not, whether it is filled or not, the artificially colored jade is called C.
Pick jade
There is a jargon called "a two-color three-process, a bracelet to see the species, a pendant to see the color", it can be seen that the species, color, and craft are the three most basic elements of choosing jade, followed by size, weight, clarity, and willow. Cracked and beautiful.
1. Watching water
The image of "planting a good ugly" shows the importance of the jadeite species.
The head, the transparency, refers to the ability of the jade to pass visible light. There is a jargon: "Bangles look at the species, pendants look at the color."
The importance of the jade bracelet head is visible. Bracelets with good heads can make women look younger and more energetic.
The grades are from high to low: old pit glass, water, ice, hail, alfalfa, other species, other species of high and low color.
2. Identify color
There are many kinds of jade colors, but the best jade is mainly green and green. However, green is of great significance to women of different ages, statures and temperament. When purchasing, you should choose according to your own preferences. It is best for young women to choose a bracelet with a brighter color and a good head, which is young and energetic. Older women should choose a bracelet with a slightly deeper color, which is noble and calm.
The color grades are from high to low: green (imperial green, positive green, apple green), red, yellow, purple.
3. Look at the craft: There is a saying called "the half of the workers", that is to say, a good work, the value of materials and work are half; the quality of the craft and the meaning of the symbol have an impact on the price.
4. Others: The size and thickness of the jade of the same quality are of course higher at a larger and thicker price; the uniformity is the uniformity of water and color, and the difference in color is better; the clarity is no flaw, and the other mottled colors are as clean as possible; There is no crack in the splitting of the willow; the overall feeling is that the overall feeling of the jade object is different from person to person.
Evaluation
Put the jade under the fluorescent lamp and observe the color change. The A and C goods do not change. The B goods are fluorescent and white. The C cargo is dyed, so its color is distributed along the crack and the distribution is uneven. It can be seen by careful observation of the naked eye.
Color is the first factor to evaluate jade. The standard to achieve good color is: strong, positive, positive, and.
Positive: It refers to the range of hue, depending on the ratio of the primary color to the secondary color, that is, to be pure green, and not to mix other colors. For example, oil blue is often mixed with blue, and the value is reduced.
Concentration: refers to the depth of the color. In terms of emerald green, the concentration is preferably between 70% and 80%, and 90% is already too thick.
Yang: refers to the brightness of the bright colors of jadeite. The brightness of jadeite is mainly determined by the proportion of jadeite with green and black or gray. The green color ratio will be brighter. If it is black or gray, the color will be gray. Experts often adopt the image method to express the fresh color of the color. For example: boxwood green, parrot green, green onion, green pepper, all refer to the color of fresh yang. Spinach green, oil green, river green, black green, refers to the dull dark green color.
The more fresh the jade, the higher the natural value.
Both: refers to the uniformity of the color distribution of jade. The color distribution of jadeite is generally uneven. It is not easy to get a jadeite with a uniform color distribution.
The best color: it should be green pure, green concentration is 70%-80%, Yanyang is bright, color distribution is even, this kind of high-grade jade, the custom is called the old pit species.
Quality identification
1.Texture. The natural jade texture is transparent or translucent, and the surface is oily and lustrous. Careful observation reveals a slightly rounded, slightly transparent "salt grain" and fibrous material surrounding it.
2. Hardness. Natural jadeite is jadeite, the Mohs hardness is 7 degrees, and it is scored with sharp tools, leaving no traces; the fake jade has low hardness, and the sharp knife can draw traces.
3. Green. The natural jade is observed against the strong light. It can be seen that there are other green mineral glitters, which are called green flowers or green. The fakes made of glass, plastic and porcelain have no such "green" characteristics.
4. Relative density (specific gravity). The natural jade structure is hard and compact, has no bubbles, and has a high density. The sound is crisp when struck; the fake product has a loose structure or bubbles, and the density is small, and the sound of the knocking is hoarse and not crisp.
5. Colors. The authentic green color is pure and pure. Some fakes are made of white jade, serpentine, Australian jade, Korean jade, marble and even miscellaneous stones. After decolorization, they are filled with high-hard plastic pulp and added for color treatment, or immersed in green liquid to make "additional jadeite". "Under the strong light, the green lines are visible, messy and small; some are not grainy, but the turbidity is unclear, the gloss is poor, and the weight is lighter than the real one.
The above-mentioned fake product is placed in the boiled wax liquid, and the poured pigment is gradually precipitated. This test will not damage the sample being tested, but also identify the true and false.
Observed by the Charles filter, the color Cui is purple in the mirror, and the natural color does not change.
Some fake jadeites are artificially smelted with glass, the structure is slack, the green is evenly dark, some have bubbles, and they are hit with a hard device, and the sound is hoarse.
Fake jade: Malay Cui (Jade), its transparency is green and beautiful like high-grade jade. But it is not difficult to identify, look at the glare with a magnifying glass, there is a fishnet-like pattern inside, the net of the fishing net is green, the mesh is white, unlike the green inside the jade, the size and shape are uneven and irregular.
method
It is very useful for jade lovers to master the correct identification method of jade. The following is a description of the identification method of jade, I hope to help everyone.
1. Gloss. After the jade is soaked by strong acid and alkali, the structure is loose. Before the filling, the surface sees the dissolution pit, which causes diffuse reflection and weak gloss. After adding organic fillers such as resin or plastic, jade often has a resin luster, a waxy luster or a glass luster mixed with a resin luster or a waxy luster.
2, Color. Due to the destruction of the jade structure, the original optical properties have also changed, so the color distribution of the B-expanded jade has no layering. Although the green of the jade treated by this method is still the original color, it is soaked by the acidic solution. The base becomes white, the green distribution is relatively floating, and the orientation of the original color is also destroyed, which looks very unnatural.
3. Structure. After the jadeite is soaked and corroded by strong acid and alkali, some substances are brought in and out, forming a corrosion along the mineral crystals on the surface and inside, resulting in internal connected cracks. Under the transmitted light, cracks in the inner and horizontal interlacing are visible. Under the condition of reflected light, the surface of the dissolution pit or arachnoid network is clearly visible.
4. Surface features. The jade treated by this method has a large difference in hardness between the filling and the jade itself, and a relatively obvious groove is formed in the original crack, and the filling is obviously lower than the two sides, and many splitting constitutes a crisscrossed ditches. The cement or residual air bubbles can be seen in the large “ditch”. The surface of the jadeite with good processing and bleaching and filling treatment is very smooth, without the above phenomenon, and must be observed and measured more carefully.
5. Density and refractive index. The jadeite treated by bleaching and filling has a majority density and a slightly lower refractive index. The density is 3.00 to 3.43 g/cm, and the refractive index is about 1.65 (point measurement). However, due to the complex mineral composition of jadeite, the density and refractive index of some natural jadeites may also be low, so the density and refractive index can only be used as reference data, and can not be used as a basis for judging whether jadeite has been filled.
6. fluorescent. No or weak to strong UV fluorescence, uniform fluorescence distribution or plaque. The vast majority of the early "B goods" jade has fluorescence. Short wave: weak, yellowish green or blue-green (blue and white); long wave: medium to strong, yellowish green or blue and white. However, the jade treated by this method usually has weak or no fluorescence intensity.
7. Zoom in and put it. Enlarged inspection Enlarged inspection is an effective way to identify this treatment of jade. Divided into surface observation and internal observation.
8. Thermal reaction. "B goods" jade heating 200 ~ 300 ° C after the colloidal carbonization.
9. Knock the reaction. After the bleaching and filling of the jade, the structure is destroyed and the mineral particles are filled with colloid. Therefore, after a light tap, a dull sound is produced, which is obviously different from the sound of natural jade (this method is mainly suitable for the identification of jade bracelets).
In summary, the quick difference between B-car jade and A-car jade is: B jade is clean, no reddish-brown iron traces are seen; the surface of the finished product is evenly spread and cracked with "yellow gas"; injected into the jade interior The "glue" makes the emerald's luster darker, transparent by hand or into the water, with reduced clarity and uniformity. The finished product is shown in a milky white waxy appearance. Blue-white or green-white fluorescence with varying intensities under ultraviolet fluorescence. In the process of identifying the jadeite A and B goods by the naked eye, there are often two situations in which A and B goods appear together. At this time, we should first take a skeptical attitude and patiently and carefully conduct repeated and meticulous observations.
The most secure is still to be handed over to the professionals, through a variety of equipment and equipment for comprehensive testing, scientific data analysis to make accurate judgments. Avoid grasping one or two features and then draw conclusions, which makes it easy for you to make a wrong judgment.
Graded national standard
Color category
Colorless | Green | Red-Yellow | Purple | Other |
Hue: G = green | yG = green (yellowish) | bG = green (micro blue)
Chroma: Ch1=very concentrated | Ch2=dense | Ch3=more concentrated | Ch4=lighter | Ch5=light |
Brightness: V1 = bright | V2 = brighter | V3 = darker | V4 = dark |
Permeability level
Transparency refers to the degree of light transmission from jewels and jade materials. It can be divided into: transparent, semitransparent, translucent, semitranslucent and opaque.
Texture level
Te1/very fine | Te2/fine | Te3/thin | Te4/thicker | Te5/rough | (Note: The texture affects the beauty and firmness of jade, the finer and more uniform the texture, the higher the quality of jade.)
Clarity level
C1/very pure | C2 / pure | C3 / purer | C4 / still pure | C5 / impure | (Note: the purity of jade depends on the amount of impurities and impurities in the jade and the degree of cracks. The more pure jade is rarer The higher the clarity.)
Purchase guide
When the jadeites talk about jade, they often mention the word "bottom", so that the layman can't figure it out. What is the "bottom" of jade? The "bottom" of jade is also called "land" or "land". The "bottom" is an intuitive feeling of the human eye on the appearance and interior of the jade jewelry, and it is also an indicator to comprehensively evaluate the quality of jadeite.
Among the many indicators for judging the quality of jade, such as color (color), texture (species), transparency (water), ground (bottom), craft level (work) and weight, the most visible but intangible is "Bottom". The "bottom" is a feature of the light green base portion except green, which is a combination of jade texture (species), transparency (water), gloss, clarity and light tone.
The "bottom" is more of an aesthetic indicator, so the evaluation of the "bottom" is not quantifiable. The background color is other colors than the emerald. When the jade is colorless, the "bottom" is a comprehensive expression of species, water, luster, and clarity. When the jade is full of green or full color (orange, yellow, black, etc.), the color is integrated with the base. “Bottom” is a comprehensive expression of species, water, color, luster and clarity.
It can be seen that the “bottom” of jade contains two key elements and three general factors. The two key elements are texture (species) and transparency (water). The three general factors are the purity of the luster, the base color and the jadeite. Therefore, the evaluation of the merits of a jadeite finished product or semi-finished product "bottom" mainly depends on the effect of emerald and seed and water.
The “bottom” clean and delicate jade jade material has a very smooth surface and is transparent and radiant under the illumination of light. It can fully reflect the charm and aura of jadeite jade pieces. The business people in the jade world called this phenomenon “ Treasure is full."
The pros and cons of the "bottom" are directly related to the processing quality and ornamental effect of jade jade, affecting the quality grade and commercial value of jade jade pieces.
Many people confuse the concept of "species" and "bottom" when purchasing jadeite. In fact, there is an essential difference between the two. The focus is on the microscopic indicators of the internal structure of the jadeite, and the bottom is the external and macroscopic overall feeling. In general, the difference is the bottom, but the bottom is not necessarily good.
Therefore, when selecting the jadeite product, the player must not only look at the seed, but also the bottom, look at the pros and cons of the color, and see if the jade is clean and dirty, and see if there is any grain or crack.
According to the current certificate, the domestic jade market is in a steady development stage, and the quality is also uneven. There are millions of jade bracelets and dozens of jade crafts gifts. Wan Hao analysis, in general, the value of ordinary jade investment is not high, only high-end jade can have a greater appreciation of the space, currently in addition to the three emeralds headed by children and children, other places want to buy more collectible value It is already difficult to get the best jade A goods.
The choice of jade must first choose jade transparent or transparent, the expert called "old jade", the highest value; translucent jade called "new and old", the price; jade opaque, dry call "New species of jade" has a lower value. Among all jadeites, green jade is the most expensive, followed by purple. In 2003, a purple bracelet was only a few tens of thousands, but today, the full purple bracelet with the sample can reach a million yuan.
Valuation principle
The finest jadeite is called jadeite. The color, transparency, uniformity, shape and knocking are the methods for ordinary people to view or evaluate jade. The jade is divided into: glass, ice, hail, dark old pit, old Pit, gold wire, oil clear, bean green, flower green, melon green, etc. Among them, the jadeite of ice is the top grade, and the water with high water and good transparency is also called “glass type”, which can be said to be the treasure of “ice species”. Most consumers who buy jade bracelets may have the experience that the merchant will knock the jade bracelet on your face and listen to whether the sound is crisp and turbid, and it is better to have a crisp and melodious echo. This is to prove that the crystal of jade is tight and has no cracks.
1. Emerald Green: The more green, the more valuable.
2. Emerald red: red, green is green, the more red, the more expensive.
3. Color: Green and red are the best of jade, followed by yellow and purple. The more fresh, the more expensive.
4. Transparency: The internal structure of jadeite is tight and the transparency is also high. The so-called "glass type" is this kind of jadeite with high transparency. For example, because jade itself is rich in chromium, it forms ice jade, which is worth a lot. And hard to find.
5. Color evenly: In addition to the color green, high transparency, you must also have a uniform color to be the top grade.
6. Defects: Pay attention to the presence or absence of cracks, spots, etc. These flaws will affect the quality of jadeite.
7. Shape: Most of the jade ring faces are oval egg-shaped. As for other shapes, there are many shapes. The shape and quality of the jade are also affected.
8. Engraving: The quality of the carvings and the meaning of the symbols have an impact on the price.
9. Size, thickness: Jade of the same quality is of course higher at a larger and thicker price.
10. Luzer: In addition to the above conditions, the gloss should be sharp and not dark.
Raw material selection
Wipe the skin
Rubbing the skin is an ancient rule, also known as suede or rubbing stone, which is a conservative method of opening gambling stones, because it is easy to cut off the green in the specific part of the jade, it is easy to remove the green, so rub The effect of the leather is good and safe. Wiping the skin mainly depends on the fog, the bottom and the color. Because of the rubbing, you can see some changes in the interior of the jade with strong light to judge the depth of the green and the width of the width. The order of rubbing the skin: one rubbing, two rubbing, three rubbing, four rubbing flowers. There is only one purpose for rubbing stones, which is to find the true green color.
Cut stone
The original cutting method was to sand the sand with a bow saw and slowly saw the stone. If it is found that the cutting cannot be continued, it is easy to take measures to save. Another is to use a jade cutting machine, using a diamond-plated cutting blade, which is accurate and quick. To reduce the loss and dust pollution, and to protect the cutting blade, the oil-immersed cutting machine is often used, but the oil is stuck in the oil or water due to the clamp. It is not easy to see the cutting process, you must completely solve it to know the win or lose. Generally, the knife is cut from the mouth of the mouth or the knife is cut from the jaw. You can also cut the knife from the loose flower or the crack. When the first knife does not see the color, you can cut the second knife and the third knife. The jargon says that "one knife is poor, one knife is rich" refers to this truth.
Grindstone
The grindstone is for polishing, showing the transparency completely, so that people can see its color or water. If the raw material is thick and not polished, the method of applying clear water to the original stone may be used to increase the transparency of the jade raw material. One type of grindstone is a dark bet (small bet), the stone does not have any scratch marks, and there is no natural break; the second is a half-bright half-dark bet, in the case of a knock, a mouth or a small gap on the stone, It is possible to see the water, color and other clues inside the gambling stone, and to gamble on the rest of the parts that have not been observed smoothly, so that there is still a large gambling.
Maintenance advice
Processing care
1, jade antiques do not need to be processed
The biggest taboo of jade antiques is reprocessing. If reprocessing is modern jade instead of antique jade, it will seriously affect the economic value of antique jade.
2. Antique jade should avoid contact with substances such as acid, alkali and cosmetics, otherwise it will corrode the structure of the jade surface. In addition, it is necessary to maintain normal temperature and humidity, and avoid excessive light exposure and excessive drying to damage the jade color.
3. Antique jade can not be cleaned with detergent substances. If the antique jade is dirty, you can use a soft cloth or sheepskin to clean it.
4. If the antique jade is damaged, you can choose to repair it; if it is jade pendant, it can be repaired by processing the broken mouth; if it is broken bracelet, it can be processed into small pieces, but it should be noted that it should be large The area retains the original ancient jade surface without processing, processing the fracture and processing into a simple shape, otherwise it becomes a new general jade, losing the value of antique jade.
Jade jewelry is a symbol of elegance and holiness. It can be regularly maintained with white tea oil, dried and then polished with silk cloth.
After the jade jewelry is carved, there are often waxes to increase its glamour. Therefore, jade jewelry cannot be contacted with acids, alkalis and organic solvents. Even unwaxed jade jewelry, because they are multi-mineral aggregates, should not be in contact with acids and alkalis for a long time. These chemicals will produce on the surface of jade jewelry. Corrosion. In addition, do not put jade jewelry in the box for a long time. For a long time, jade jewelry will also “water loss” and dry out.
Cleaning and maintenance
Regularly clean and maintain the jade: If it is dirty due to long-term wear, clean it with water and then gently brush the jade with a ponytail brush. Such corrosive substances are difficult to damage on the surface of the jade for a long time. Remember, it is best to remove the jade when bathing or exercising.
Because bath or sweat is a corrosive substance containing acid and alkali, it is easy to cause the gloss to decrease after long-term use in this environment.
Usually, after the cleaning, the jade can be moisturized with a small amount of white tea oil. It can not only lock the moisture of the jade, but also improve the luster and moisture of the jade.
In addition: every cleaning should pay attention to observe whether the lanyard is worn or not, whether the inlaid jewelry is loose, so timely inspection and maintenance can be found back to the store for maintenance, avoiding the ruin due to broken lanyard and loosening of the inlay. Bad lost.
Afraid of high temperature
The jadeite will increase the internal molecular volume of the jade, causing the jade to metamorphose, causing the jade to lose its warm moisture, so that its germplasm will dry out and its color will become lighter. Therefore, when you go to Rizhao's strong beaches and other places, try not to wear jade jewelry, avoid excessive sunlight to directly illuminate it; and friends who like steaming saunas, please remove jade ornaments before entering the sauna, do not let jade Long-term exposure to high temperature and damp heat; try to avoid jadeite from contact with high temperature or open flame during cooking. It is best to remove jade jewelry during cooking to prevent damage to jade.
Processing technology
As the saying goes, jade does not mean anything. Jade jade is known as the king of jade because of its high hardness and high specific gravity and its rich color dominated by emerald color and purple, as well as its raw materials (especially high-grade materials) are very rare and precious. Therefore, its processing procedures, processing materials, processing tools and processing equipment are different from other jade. The process and process of jade jade jade are now introduced as follows:
Material selection: This is an important beginning. The jade jade material has many leather shells. It is the only jade stone with a leather shell in the world. It is also called gambling stone or gambling goods. It is also not available in other jade. Therefore, the key to material selection is processing and making ornaments? Device? bracelet? Pendant? The ring is still a ring face. The characteristics of the raw materials are closely related to the processing use. If the choice is not good, not only the raw materials are wasted, but also the processing will be a loss.
Opening material: It is also a key link. Some people are eager to gamble, often slashing down, not only may cut the green (because the good green is often thin), but also may not be able to do the overall carving of art, losing its original value. . The general normal procedure is to first look at the surface features of jade, such as the direction of the emerald, the development and orientation of the fissure, the color of the twilight and purple, the distribution of black, the analysis and estimation of the variation of the water inside and outside, and the shape of the original stone. Secondly, it is determined according to the overall condition of the original stone and the use of the processing. Then, decide whether the whole material is carved or cut.
Use positioning and design:
1. Do small things: consider the use and yield. Such as round carvings and bracelets.
2. Do small carvings: If you want to make jade and waist cards, you should consider what kind of pattern, not only the superior characteristics of the raw materials, but also the requirements of the carving pattern. Otherwise, it is easy to waste.
3. Making ornaments: The choice of the theme pattern is closely related to the characteristics of the raw materials, which is a very important and important part. For example, if you are designing a character, the key is to see if the original stone has impurities, or if the clean part is the face of the character, and whether the original stone is enough for the proportion of the person. The perfect jade jade is a jade jade artwork that has been creatively designed.
The design of the carvings is based on the original stone color, species, water, shape, crack, black, jade and other characteristics, the principle of raising the original stone to the maximum value. General carving patterns: characters, mountains, auspicious, animal, and flower have different requirements for raw materials. The motif motifs and matching patterns are principled and proportioned, rather than a simple stack of patterns.
Fourth, the processing process:
(1) Cutting:
1. Small pieces: Cut into the size of different application specifications step by step, change the processing materials for the materials that cannot be used or not meet the specifications, and achieve the best use.
2. Decoration: Cut into rough blanks according to design pattern requirements.
Punching: The rough blank of the previous process is further punched into a rough by a diamond wheel or a round file.
Grinding: Grinding out some of the blanks of the pattern, such as fruits, rocks and roots, with various specifications.
(two), carving
1. Rolling: Use a rolled shovel to make a shape of characters, animals, landscapes and flowers. Such as open face, animal body and trees, flowers, roots and leaves.
2. Hook: Use the hooks or nails to pick up the fine lines, like the hair, beard, phoenix, animal hair, scales and plant leaves.
3. Dimming: Generally, large and powerful factories have this process. Using special tools and materials, the extra scoring and sanding of the front engraving process are smoothed, which lays a good foundation for the next polishing and polishing process.
Main classification:
China is an ancient country with a history of more than 7,000 years of civilization. Then jade processing has a history of 7,000 years. In the long history of jade carving, our ancestors created very advanced tools and jade carving methods. We will introduce a lot of commonly used parts of jade carving methods as follows:
1. Embossed: refers to embossing, bas-relief, deep relief; pretty color carving. Such as: Fu Lu Shouyi and so on.
2. Openwork: refers to the hollow carving, cross-cut empty carving, rounded through the hollow carving, and the pattern is transparent. Such as: animals' lower limbs and branches.
3. Ornamenta: refers to the hollowing out of jade, not through the air, deep hollow (such as: vases, pen holders, etc.) and shallow hollow (such as: pen wash, ashtray, etc.).
4. Line carving: refers to line carving, silk carving, such as: the character's hair, animal hair and water waves.
5. Yin carving: refers to a method of engraving of the concave part, such as: yin and yang gossip.
6. Round sculpture: refers to circular arc sculptures, such as teapots, teacups and spherical jade pieces.
(3) Polishing and polishing process:
1. Polishing:
1) Manual grinding: It is semi-mechanized, manually passed through the mill, and uses various shaped diamond wheel tools, from rough grinding to fine grinding, fine grinding to matt.
2) Machine grinding: It is fully mechanized, and the process from coarse grinding to fine grinding and fine grinding is completed by vibrating machine with diamond. Generally, the round jade pieces are polished for 3 to 4 days.
2. polishing:
1) Manual polishing: manually through the polishing machine, using a variety of polishing tools and polishing materials to throw light.
2) Machine polishing: Vibrating machine plus polishing material, generally round carving small jade pieces normally take 2 to 3 days to complete. Manual polishing and polishing are more automatic polishing than the machine. Generally, the polishing time is long and the cost is high, but the effect is also good, retaining the three-dimensional and carved peak style of the engraving ornament.
(4), decoration:
1. The decoration of the decoration: the base is the most important decoration of the decoration, and the materials and styles of the decoration are many, which can be matched with the art and value.
2. Packaging: It is the last link, a beautiful jade jade product, good packaging including inner and outer packaging, supporting packaging, both decorative and landscaping effects, as well as protection and transportation functions.
Netting
The jadeite that has been rinsed with strong acid generally has obvious pore and textured structure. Stress and weathering in natural jade can also produce obvious pore and reticulated structures, which are often difficult to distinguish from those caused by acid corrosion. "It may not be appropriate to observe that there are cleavage, pitting and pits are definitely B goods."
The natural pores of jadeite can be filled with later zeolites, clay minerals, etc., and may be filled with mineral powder or polishing powder during the processing of cutting, grinding and polishing. These fillings are not considered B goods and are easy to identify.
Grade division
Under the premise that the jadeite jade pieces are definitely natural jade, according to the 5C2T standard: composition, color, Clarity, Cut, Carat, Transparency ), Structure (Texture) is divided into grades and price files.
Jadeite is the crown of jade, and high-end jade is constantly creating amazing prices at various auctions. Therefore, B, C and other counterfeit products that counterfeit natural jade emerge in an endless stream, making the merchants, consumers and testers of the brand have a headache. Everyone should pay special attention to the actual purchase of jade.
Certificate of authenticity
In general, the identification certificate of natural jade (A goods) will be marked "Jade", "natural jade", "Jade (A goods)", "Jade (natural)", etc., B, C goods are always marked "Jade ( Processing)" or "Jade (Optimized)".